'I may be wrong and you may be right,

and by an effort, we may get nearer to the truth.'

Karl R. Popper

Physics tells us not only how to predict phenomena and design experiments, but what the world is fundamentally made of. I am particularly interested in two central questions:

• What exists according to our best physical theories?

• How can we know and understand what exists?

These questions matter because our most successful scientific theories describe a reality that often defies direct observation and common sense. Understanding what our theories tell us about the world, and how we can access that knowledge, is essential to understanding reality itself.

I work primarily on the first question, the ontology of physics. I analyze what exists according to quantum mechanics and have proposed several accounts of how quantum wave-functions describe reality. I have similarly investigated what exists according to classical electrodynamics, particularly the ontological status of the electromagnetic field. Statistics and probabilities are central to these ontological questions, as they play a vital role in physical explanations and predictions. I am therefore developing an account of how probabilities can be objectively derived from physical theory, treating them as features of physical reality rather than merely epistemic tools.

I also work on the second question, the epistemology of physics, where I explore what it means to understand the physical world. To me, the ontology and epistemology of physics are deeply interrelated disciplines, though they are often practiced separately. Our theories tell us what exists, but understanding those theories requires grappling with how we access reality through mathematical structures, experimental data, and theoretical interpretation. Combining ontology and epistemology allows us to better understand both what the world is made of and the epistemic methods and limitations we face in discovering it.

Beyond philosophy of physics, I also work on aesthetics, exploring the harmony problem in modern architecture.

I regularly engage with broader audiences through popular writing in venues such as Aeon, the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, and the American Philosophical Association blog, as well as public talks at institutions including The American University in Cairo and the NYUAD Institute.

The Five Pillars of My Research

Work in Progress

 The Self-Interaction Problem and Its Consequences.

What does it mean to understand Quantum Mechanics?

Causal Models in Quantum Mechanics. (with Frederick Eberhardt)

The Harmony Problem in Architecture (with Peter Kifinger)

Explanations and Expectations in Frequentist Interpretations of Probability.